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History 343: History of the Old South
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Fall 2009 — Prof. McMillen
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Outline of this guide:
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Related guides:
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Questions? Please contact Susanna Boylston (704-894-2494).
- Office hours: Monday 1-3 pm; Tuesday, 3-5 pm
- Also available by appointment.
Style Guides | Biographical Works | General Works on Southern History
- Style Guides
- Chicago Manual of Style. 15th ed. Chicago, IL: Univ. of Chicago Press, 2003.
Reference R 808.02 C53 2003
Note: up to ten people can search the online version at any one time.
See also the Chicago Citation Quick Guide.
- A Pocket Guide to Writing in History. Mary Lynn Rampolla. 5th ed. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2007.
Reference Desk R 907.2 R177p
- Biographical Works
- American National Biography. Ed. John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes. 24 vols. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999-2002.
Reference R 920.073 A512
- Biography Reference Bank. H.W. Wilson, 2003- .
Includes:
- Notable American Women, 1607-1950: A Biographical Dictionary. Ed. Edward T. James. 3 vols. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1971.
Reference R 920.7 N899
- Dictionary of North Carolina Biography. Ed. William S. Powell. 6 vols. Chapel Hill, NC: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1979-1996.
Reference R 920.075 D554
- Dictionary of South Carolina Biography. Ed. Richard Côté. Easley, SC: Southern Historical Press, 1985- .
Reference R 920.075 D5542
- Dictionary of Virginia Biography. Ed. John Kneebone et al. 3 vols. to date. Richmond, VA: Library of Virginia, 1998- .
Reference R 920.0755 D554
- General Works on Southern History
- Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. Ed. Kwame Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates, Jr. 2nd ed. 5 vols. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2005.
Reference R 909.04 A2581
- The American South: A Historical Bibliography. Ed. Jessica Brown. 2 vols. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1986.
Reference R 016.975 A512
- Bibliography of Religion in the South. Charles Lippy. Macon, GA: Mercer, 1985.
Reference R 016.28 L766b
- Bibliography of Southern Appalachia. Ed. Charlotte Ross. Boone, NC: Appalachian Consortium Press, 1976.
Reference R 016.975 B582
- Black Slavery in the Americas: An Interdisciplinary Bibliography, 1865-1980. Comp. John David Smith. 2 vols. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982.
Reference R 016.3 S652b
- The Columbia Guide to American Women in the Nineteenth Century. Catherine Clinton and Christine Lunardini. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2000.
Reference R 305.4 C641C
- Dictionary of Afro-American Slavery. Ed. Randall Miller and John David Smith. New York: Greenwood, 1988.
Reference R 305.5 D554
- Encyclopedia of American Cultural and Intellectual History. Ed. Ed. Mary Kupiec Cayton and Peter Williams. 3 vols. New York: Scribner's, 2001.
Reference R 973.04 E564
- Encyclopedia of American Social History. Ed. Mary Kupiec Cayton et al. 3 vols. New York: Scribner's, 1993.
Reference R 301.097 E56
- Encyclopedia of Colonial and Revolutionary America. John Mack Faragher. New York: Facts on File, 1990.
Reference R 973.3 E56
- Encyclopedia of North Carolina. Ed. William S. Powell. Chapel Hill, NC: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2006.
Reference R 975.6 E561
- Encyclopedia of Southern History. Ed. David Roller and Robert Twyman. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1979.
Reference R 975 E56
- Encyclopedia of the Antebellum South. James Volo and Dorothy Denneen Volo. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2000.
Reference R 975 V929e
- Encyclopedia of the South. Ed. Robert O'Brien. New York: Facts on File, 1985.
Reference R 975 O13e
- Encyclopedia of the United States in the Nineteenth Century. Ed. Paul Finkelman. 3 vols. New York: Scribner's, 2001.
Reference R 973.5 E56
- Gale Virtual Reference Library
A collection of over 200 electronic reference works. Includes:
- The Harvard Guide to African-American History. Ed. Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 2001.
Reference R 973.04 H3391
- Historical Dictionary of the Old South. William L. Richter. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2006.
Reference R 975 R535h
- The Historical Dictionary of World Slavery. Ed. Junius Rodriguez. 2 vols. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1997.
Reference R 306.36 H673
- The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture. Ed. Charles Reagan Wilson. 13 vols. to date. Chapel Hill, NC: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2006- .
Reference R 975 N532
- The Old South. Comp. Fletcher Green and J. Isaac Copeland. Arlington Heights, IL: AHM Publishing, 1980.
Reference R 016.975 G795o
- Slavery in the South: A State-by-State History. Clayton Jewett and John Allen. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2004.
Reference R 306.36 J59s
General Tools | Diaries | Magazines & Newspapers | Plantation Records | Travel Accounts | U.S. Government Documents | Other Examples of Primary Sources
- General Tools
See also the bibliographies listed in the reference works listed above.
- Library Catalog
To locate primary sources, do a keyword search and add one or more of the following words: - sources
- correspondence
- diaries
- personal narratives
You can also do a keyword search and limit your search by publication date. - WorldCat
To locate primary sources, do a keyword search and add one or more of the following words: - sources
- correspondence
- diaries
- personal narratives
Note: Rare and archival materials cannot be borrowed on interlibrary loan. You can sometimes locate microfilm or microfiche copies of these documents in WorldCat; try doing an advanced search, enter your keywords or subject terms, and then apply a "subtype limit," choosing "Microform" as the format.
- Diaries
See also the bibliographies in the general reference works listed above.
- American Diaries: An Annotated Bibliography of Published American Diaries and Journals. 2 vols. Laura Arksey et al. Detroit, MI: Gale, 1983-1987.
Reference R 016.92 A721a
Vol. 1: Diaries Written from 1492 to 1844
Vol. 2: Diaries Written from 1845 to 1980
- American Diaries: An Annotated Bibliography of American Diaries Written Prior to the Year 1861. Comp. William Matthews. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California Press, 1945.
Reference R 016.92 M44a
- American Women's Diaries: Southern Women [microfilm]
Microfilm cabinet C-2
This collection includes 32 handwritten diaries from the colonial period through the beginning of the twentieth century.
Guide: Segment 2, Southern Women: Reference R 016.973 A5121s
- And So to Bed: A Bibliography of Diaries Published in English. Patricia Pate Havlice. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow, 1987.
Reference R 016.92 H388a
- North American Women's Letters & Diaries
This collection provides the full text of letters, diaries, and excerpts of diaries from the colonial era to the mid twentieth century. The texts were written contemporaneously; memoirs are not included.
- The Published Diaries and Letters of American Women: An Annotated Bibliography. Joyce Goodfriend. Boston, MA: G.K. Hall, 1987.
Reference R 016.92 G651p
- Magazines & Newspapers
Magazines & Journals | Newspapers
- Magazines & Journals
Guides to Magazines | Periodical Indices & Collections
- Guides to Magazines
- African-American Newspapers and Periodicals: A National Bibliography. Ed. James P. Danky. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1998.
Reference R 015.73 A258
Includes information about popular magazines
- American Literary Magazines: The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Ed. Edward E. Chielens. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1986. Reference R 016.81 A512
- Index to City and Regional Magazines of the United States. Comp. Sam G. Riley and Gary W. Selnow. New York: Greenwood, 1989.
Reference R 015.73 R573i
- Magazines of the American South. Sam G. Riley. New York: Greenwood, 1986.
Reference R 051 R573m
- Regional Interest Magazines of the United States. Ed. Sam G. Riley and Gary W. Selnow. New York: Greenwood, 1991.
Reference R 051 R336
- Women's Periodicals in the United States: Consumer Magazines. Ed. Kathleen L. Endres and Therese L. Lueck. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1995. Reference R 051.09 W8721
- Women's Periodicals in the United States: Social and Political Issues. Ed. Kathleen L. Endres and Therese L. Lueck. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1996. Reference R 051.09 W872
- Periodical Indices & Collections
- 19th-Century Masterfile
Indexes articles in 479 British and American periodicals published in the nineteenth century.
Note: The print version of Poole's Index to Periodical Literature (1802-1906), which is part of 19th-Century Masterfile, is available in the Reference Index Area at call number R 050 P82.
- Godey's Lady's Book (1830-1889, 1892-1893, 1896)
In addition, the Library has some individual issues from July 1865, August 1865, July 1867, June 1869, and August 1870. These are kept in Permanent Reserve; please ask for help at the Circulation Desk.
- Periodicals Index Online
(c. 1665-1995) Indexes journal and magazine articles as well as book reviews in a broad array of humanities, social sciences, and science subjects.
Search Syntax:
- Truncation: use an asterisk *
- Phrase searching: automatic
- Newspapers
Individual Newspapers | Collections of Newspapers
- Individual Newspapers
Be sure to search the collections of newspapers too.
- Atlanta Constitution
Place of publication: Atlanta, GA
Library has: 1868-2001
Microfilm cabinets C-2 through C-5
- Charleston Daily Courier
Place of publication: Charleston, SC
Library has: 1803-1873
Microfilm cabinet C-7
- Daily Morning News
Place of publication: Savannah, GA
Library has: 1850-1863
Microfilm cabinet C-11
Continued by:
- Daily News and Herald
Library has: 1866-1868
Microfilm cabinet C-12
- Savannah Morning News
Library has: 1868-1877
Microfilm cabinet C-33
- Edgefield Advertiser
Place of publication: Edgefield, SC
Library has: 1836-1902
Microfilm cabinet C-13
- National Intelligencer
Place of publication: Washington, DC
Library has: 1800-1867
Microfilm cabinet C-19
- New York Herald
Place of publication: New York
Library has: 10 April 1841 - 31 Dec. 1924
Microfilm cabinets C-19 through C-20
- The New York Times
Place of publication: New York
- 1851-2004: Historical Newspapers: The New York Times
- 1851 to present: microfilm
Microfilm cabinets C20-C26
- Index (1851 to present): Reference Index Area R 071 N53
Personal Name Index: Reference Index Area R 071 N53p
- North Carolina Presbyterian
Place of publication: Fayetteville, NC
Library has: 1858-1898
Microfilm cabinet C-27
- Raleigh Register
Place of publication: Raleigh, NC
Library has: 1799-1886
Microfilm cabinet C-30
- The Times [London]
- 1785 to present: microfilm
Microfilm cabinets C35-C37
- July 1985 to present: available through LexisNexis Academic
- Index (1785 to present): Reference Index Area R 070 T58
To find other newspapers, see the library's guide Newspapers held by other libraries: how to find them
The following titles are particularly useful:
- American Newspapers, 1821-1936: A Union List of Files Available in the United States and Canada. Ed. Winifred Gregory. New York: Kraus, 1967.
Reference R 016.05 A51
- Newspapers in Microform: United States, 1948-1972. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1973.
Reference R 016.07 U581n
Note: Ignore the "1948-1972" in the title of this work; this volume lists many earlier newspapers too.
- Collections of Newspapers
- Accessible Archives
- America's Historical Newspapers
(1690-1922) Contains digital facsimiles of over 1,000 seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth-century newspapers; the full text of these newspapers, including all articles, advertisements, and other contents, is keyword-searchable.
This collection is part of the Archive of Americana.
Search syntax: - Truncation: use an asterisk *
- Phrase searching: use double quotation marks " "
- Wildcard: use a question mark ?
- Plantation Records
- Records of Ante-Bellum Plantations from the Revolution through the Civil War. Ed. Kenneth M. Stampp. Frederick, MD: Univ. Publications of America, 1985.
Library has:
- Series A [South Carolina]
Selections from the South Caroliniana Library, Univ. of South Carolina
Microfilm cabinet C-31a
Guide: Reference R 016.975 R311-s Ser. A-C
- Series B [South Carolina]
Selections from the South Carolina Historical Society
Microfilm cabinet C-31a
Guide: Reference R 016.975 R311-s Ser. A-C
- Series C [Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina]
Selections from the Holdings of the Library of Congress
Microfilm cabinet C-31a
Guide: Reference R 016.975 R311-s Ser. A-C
- Series I [Louisiana, Mississippi]
Selections from the Louisiana and Lower Mississippi Valley Collection, Louisiana State Univ. Libraries
- Part 3: The Natchez Area
Microfilm cabinets C-31a, C-31aa
Guide: Reference R 016.975 R311-s Ser. I pts. 1-3
- Part 4: Barrow, Bisland, Bowman, and other Collections
Microfilm cabinets C-31a, C-31aa
Guide: Reference R 016.975 R311-s Ser. I pt. 4
- Series J [North Carolina, South Carolina]
Selections from the Southern Historical Collection, Manuscripts Dept., Library of the Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Part 2: Pettigrew Family Papers
Microfilm cabinets C-31a, C-31aa
Guide: Reference R 016.975 R311-s Ser. J pt. 2
To records in other series that the library doesn't own
- Travel Accounts
- To find accounts of travelers' visits to the South, do Subject searches in the Library Catalog and Worldcat; include the name of the state or region and the phrase "description and travel."
Examples:
- South America description and travel
- Central America description and travel
- Archive of Americana
(c. 1639-1980) A collection of digital facsimiles of American books, broadsides, pamphlets, newspapers, and government documents. Early American Imprints, Series I: Evans, 1639-1800 and Early American Imprints, Series II: Shaw-Shoemaker, 1801-1819 both contain published travel accounts.
- Making of America
Contains the full text of journals and books from the antebellum period through reconstruction.
Note: There are two sites for the Making of America:
University of Michigan site
Cornell University site
- Travels in the Confederate States: A Bibliography. E. Merton Coulter. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1948.
Reference R 016.917 C85t
- Travels in the Old South [microfiche]
Microfiche cabinet A-3
Guide: Reference R 016.975 C595t
A collection of travelers' accounts of their visits to the Old South (1607-1860).
Also consult the bibliography on which this collection is based:
- Travels in the Old South: A Bibliography. Ed. Thomas D. Clark. 3 vols. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1956-1959.
Reference R 016.917 C59tr
Vol. 1: The Formative Years, 1527-1783
Vol. 2: The Expanding South, 1750-1825
Vol. 3: The Ante Bellum South, 1825-1860
- U.S. Government Documents
To find additional government documents, be sure to search the Library Catalog too; in the first drop-down menu on the main search page, limit your search to "Little Government Information" and then enter relevant search terms.
- Checklist of United States Public Documents, 1789-1909. Congressional: To Close of Sixtieth Congress; Departmental: To End of Calendar Year 1909. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: G.P.O., 1911.
Reference Extension GP 3.2:C 41/2
Also available online from the Internet Archive.
- A Descriptive Catalogue of the Government Publications of the United States, September 5, 1774 - March 4, 1881. Comp. Benjamin Perley Poore. Washington, DC: G.P.O., 1885.
Online:
Print: shelved in Government Documents Office [fragile condition]; ask at the Reference Desk.
- LexisNexis Congressional
(1789 to present) Indexes congressional documents and contains the full text of some documents. Be sure to search the U.S. Congressional Serial Set too.
Includes:
Search Syntax:
- Truncation: use an exclamation point
- Phrase searching: use double quotation marks " "
- Wildcard: use an asterisk *
- U.S. Census Data
For information about census data, see Population Information in Nineteenth-Century Census Volumes, by Suzanne Schulze. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx, 1983 (Reference R 304.6 S391p 1790-1890).
- Online
- Print
- 1800
- Return of the Whole Number of Persons within the Several Districts of the United States
Rare Book Room 317.3 U58c 1800
- 1810
- Aggregate Amount of Each Description of Persons within the United States of America
Rare Book Room 317.3 U58c 1810
- 1820
- Census for 1820
Rare Book Room 317.3 U58c 1820
- 1830
- The Fifth Census
Census Area, Ground Floor
- Abstract of the Returns of the Fifth Census
Census Area, Ground Floor
- Enumeration of the Inhabitants of the United States
Census Area, Ground Floor
- 1840
- The Sixth Census or Enumeration of the Inhabitants of the United States ... 1840
Census Area, Ground Floor
- 1850
- The Seventh Census of the United States, 1850
Census Area, Ground Floor
- Mortality Statistics
Census Area, Ground Floor
- Statistical View of the United States (compendium)
Census Area, Ground Floor
- 1860
- Population of the United States in 1860
Census Area, Ground Floor
- Statistics of the United States, (including mortality, property, &c.) in 1860
Census Area, Ground Floor
- Agriculture of the United States in 1860
Census Area, Ground Floor
- Manufactures of the United States in 1860
Census Area, Ground Floor
- Microfilm
- Population Schedules (1800-1920)
Microfilm cabinet C-39
Note: the library has population schedules from many southern states but does not have schedules for every census and every state.
- U.S. Congressional Serial Set
(1817-1980) Contains the fully-searchable text of the Serial Set, a rich collection of primary source materials on all aspects of U.S. political, military, cultural, economic, ethnic, and social history. Includes U.S. Senate and House of Representatives reports, documents, and journals.
This collection is part of the Archive of Americana.
- United States Government Documents on Women, 1800-1990: A Comprehensive Bibliography. Mary Ellen Huls. 2 vols. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1993.
Reference R 016.305 H917u
- Other Examples of Primary Sources
- American Memory, from the Library of Congress
Contains a wealth of primary source material for American history.
- Archive of Americana
(c. 1639-1980) A collection of digital facsimiles of American books, broadsides, pamphlets, newspapers, and government documents. Includes:
- American Broadsides & Ephemera
(c. 1760-1900) Contains more than 30,000 digital facsimiles of broadsides and ephemera, including advertisements, handbills, trade cards, theatre and music programs, stock certificates, menus, and many other works.
- Early American Imprints, Series I: Evans, 1639-1800
Contains digital images of over 37,000 books, pamphlets, and broadsides published in the British American colonies, and later the United States.
- Early American Imprints, Series II: Shaw-Shoemaker, 1801-1819
Contains digital images of over 36,000 American books, pamphlets, and broadsides.
- ARTstor
A collection of over 900,000 images covering art, architecture, and archaeology from a wide range of cultures and time periods as well as tools to manipulate and analyze those images.
- Digital Schomburg: Images of African Americans from the 19th Century, from the New York Public Library
- Documenting the American South, from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- The Female Experience in Eighteenth and Nineteenth-Century America: A Guide to the History of American Women. Jill K. Conway. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1985.
Reference R 016.305 C767f
- Making of America
Contains the full text of journals and books from the antebellum period through reconstruction.
Note: There are two sites for the Making of America:
University of Michigan site
Cornell University site
- The Southern Black, Slave and Free: A Bibliography of Anti- and Pro-Slavery Books and Pamphlets and of Social and Economic Conditions in the Southern States from the Beginnings to 1950. Comp. Lawrence Thompson. Troy, NY: Whitston Publishing, 1970.
Reference R 016.3 T473s
- South Carolinians through the 19th Century: Pre-1915 Family Histories, Biographies, and Related Imprints from the Collections of the South Carolina Historical Society and the South Caroliniana Library. Charleston, SC: South Carolina Historical Society, 1989.
Reference R 016.975 S726
- Southeastern Broadsides before 1877: A Bibliography. Ed. Ray Hummel, Jr. Richmond, VA: Virginia State Library, 1971.
Reference R 016.08 H925s
Supplement:
- More Virginia Broadsides before 1877. Ray Hummel, Jr. Richmond, VA: Virginia State Library, 1975.
Reference R 016.975 H925m
Note: also search American Broadsides & Ephemera.
Books | Articles
- Books
- Library Catalog
Includes information about books, government documents, and journals, magazines, and newspapers in the Library. - To locate appropriate Library of Congress Subject Headings, start with a keyword search and then browse records. Useful subject headings include:
- [name of state] history
- Confederate States of American history
- Plantation life
- Slavery [name of state]
- Southern states history
- Southern states history 18th century
- Southern states history 19th century
- Southern states history colonial period
- Southern states history revolution 1775-1783
- To locate works about a person, do a subject search for the person's name (last name first).
- To locate bibliographies on a person or topic, do a keyword search and add the following: su bibliography.
Search Syntax: - Truncation: use a dollar sign $
- Phrase searching: use double quotation marks " "
- Wildcard: use a question mark ?
- ebrary
A collection of over 38,000 e-books published by over 220 academic, trade, and professional publishers; covers all subject areas. Also includes tools that allow you to create your own virtual bookshelf, bookmark pages, and add and save notes and highlights.
Note: for full functionality, you need the ebrary Reader. This plugin is on all library and ITS computers, but if you are using your own computer, you can download it from the ebrary home page.
- WorldCat
Indexes books, periodicals, and other materials held by libraries around the world. Search WorldCat to identify additional books on your topic and then order the books on interlibrary loan.
Note: It can be helpful to identify relevant Library of Congress Subject Headings in the Library Catalog first; you can then do a subject search in WorldCat to find additional items with these subject headings.
Search Syntax: - Truncation: use an asterisk *
- Phrase searching: insert a "w" between the words in a phrase (for example, "cold w war")
- Wildcard: use a question mark ?
- Articles
See also the bibliographies in the general reference works listed above.
Core Resource | Other Resources
- Core Resource
- America: History & Life and Historical Abstracts
(Time period covered: 1450 to present [world history]; prehistory to present [U.S. and Canadian history]. Publication coverage: 1954 to present). Indexes journal articles, book chapters, doctoral dissertations, and book reviews. (Each database can also be searched separately.)
Search Syntax: - Truncation: use an asterisk *
- Phrase searching: use double quotation marks " "
- Wildcard: use a question mark ?
- Other Resources
To find additional resources, be sure to consult the indexes & databases pages too.
- Academic Search Premier
(1975 to present) Indexes popular and scholarly articles in a broad range of subject areas; also includes citations to book reviews and citations to articles in several national newspapers.
Search Syntax: - Truncation: use an asterisk *
- Phrase searching: use double quotation marks " "
- Wildcard: use a question mark ?
- ATLA Religion Database
(1949 to present) Indexes book reviews on all aspects of religion and theology.
Search Syntax: - Truncation: use an asterisk *
- Phrase searching: automatic
- Wildcard: use a question mark ?
- Essay & General Literature Index
(1900 to present) Indexes chapters and essays in edited collections.
Search Syntax: - Truncation: unnecessary when using "All - Smart Search"; otherwise, use an asterisk *
- Phrase searching: use double quotation marks ""
- Wildcard: do not use with "All - Smart Search"; otherwise, use a question mark ?
- Humanities Abstracts
(1907 to present). Indexes articles in over 500 English-language journals in the fields of archaeology, art, classics, communication, film, folklore, history, languages and literatures, music, philosophy, religion, and theatre. Also includes citations for book, theatre, and film reviews as well as interviews, obituaries, and some original creative works. Includes the full text of selected articles from 1995 to the present.
Search Syntax: - Truncation: unnecessary when using "All - Smart Search"; otherwise, use an asterisk *
- Phrase searching: use double quotation marks ""
- Wildcard: do not use with "All - Smart Search"; otherwise, use a question mark ?
- JSTOR
Includes pdf copies of scholarly articles from a core collection of journals; also includes book reviews. Note:JSTOR does not contain articles from the most recent 3-5 years.
Search Syntax: - Truncation: use a plus sign +
- Phrase searching: automatic
- Project Muse
Contains full-text articles from journals published by university and scholarly presses.
Search Syntax: - Truncation: use an asterisk *
- Phrase searching: use double quotation marks " "
- Web of Knowledge
(c. 1900 to present) A multidisciplinary resource that provides citations to articles in thousands of journals in the social sciences, humanities, and sciences.
Search Syntax: - Truncation: use an asterisk *
- Phrase searching: use double quotations marks " "
- Wildcard: use a question mark ?
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