Outline of this guide: Chicago Style: Manuals & Guides Background Information Primary Sources Secondary Sources

Related guides: Course Reserves/E-Reserves for this class Book Review Sources Copyright: A Guide The Dewey Decimal System: An Outline The Library of Congress Classification System: An Outline RefWorks RefWorks: A Guide Research Log Research Planner Scholarly Articles: How to Identify Them Text a Librarian

Questions?

• Office hours:
  • Monday 1:00-3:00 pm
  • Tuesday, 3:00-5:00 pm
  • Wednesday, 1:00-2:00 pm
  Location: Consultation Room (directly behind the reference desk)
• Also available by appointment.

Chicago Style: Manuals & Guides

• Chicago Manual of Style. 16th ed. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 2010.
  Little Library Reference Desk: REF Z253 .U69 2010
  Note: up to ten people can search the online version at any one time.
  See also the Chicago Citation Quick Guide.
• A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. Kate Turabian; rev. Wayne C. Booth et al. 7th ed. Chicago, IL: Univ. of Chicago Press, 2007.
  Reference Desk 808.02 T929m7
• A Pocket Guide to Writing in History. Mary Lynn Rampolla. 6th ed. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2010.
  Reference Desk: REF D13 .R295 2010
• You can also use RefWorks to generate in-text citations and reference lists in Chicago format.

Background Information

• Biography Reference Bank. H.W. Wilson, 2003- .
• Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. ed. H.C.G. Matthew and Brian Harrison. 60 vols. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2004.
  Reference R 920 N2111

• Encyclopedia of Contemporary French Culture. Ed. Alex Hughes and Keith Reader. New York: Routledge, 1998.
  Reference R 914.4 E56
• Encyclopedia if Contemporary German Culture. Ed. John Sandford. New York: Routledge, 1999.
  Reference R 306 E563
• Encyclopedia of Contemporary Spanish Culture. Ed. Eamonn Rodgers. New York: Routledge, 1999.
  Reference R 946.08 E56
• Encyclopedia of Modern French Thought. Ed. Christopher John Murray. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2004.
  Reference R 944.08 E56
• The Feminist Encyclopedia of French Literature. Ed. Eva Martin Sartori. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1999.
  Reference R 840.9 F329
• The Feminist Encyclopedia of German Literature. Ed. Friederike Eigler and Susanne Kord. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1997.
  Reference R 830.9 F359
• The Feminist Encyclopedia of Spanish Literature. Ed. Janet Pérez and Maureen Ihrie. 2 vols. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2002.
  Reference R 860.9 F329
• French Culture and Society: The Essentials. Ed. Michael Kelly. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2001.
  Reference R 944 F873
• French-Speaking Women Film Directors: A Guide. Janis L. Pallister. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Press, 1997.
  Reference R 791.43 P163f
• Guide to French Literature. Anthony Levi. 2 vols. Detroit, MI: St. James Press, 1992-1994.
  Reference R 840.3 L664g
• International Dictionary of Art and Artists. Ed. James Vinson. 2 vols. Chicago: St. James Press, 1990.
  Vol. 1 (Artists): Reference R 927 I61
  Vol. 2 (Art): Reference R 709.2 I61
• International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers. Ed. Tom Pendergast and Sara Pendergast. 4th ed. 4 vols. Detroit: St. James Press, 2000.
  Reference R 791.43 I611 2000
• The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French. Ed. Peter France. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1995.
  Reference R 840.3 N532
• Nineteenth-Century European Art: A Topical Dictionary. Terry W. Strieter. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1999.
  Reference R 709.03 S917m
• Nineteenth-Century French Fiction Writers: Romanticism and Realism, 1800-1860. Ed. Catharine Savage Brosman. Detroit, MI: Gale, 1992. [Dictionary of Literary Biography vol. 119]
  Reference R 928.1 D554 v.119
• Oxford Art Online
  Contains the full text of:
  • Dictionary of Art. Ed Jane. Turner 34 vols. New York: Grove’s Dictionaries, 1996.
    Reference R 703 D554
    Note: Oxford Art Online also contains updated entries and bibliographies for the Grove Dictionary.
  • ... and over 5,000 images.
• Reference Guide to World Literature. Ed. Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast. 3rd ed. 2 vols. Detroit, MI: St. James Press, 2003.
  Reference R 809 R332
• Women Artists: An Historical, Contemporary, and Feminist Bibliography. Sherry Piland. 2nd ed. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow, 1994.
  Reference R 016.7 P637w

• The Columbia Dictionary of European Political History since 1914. Ed. John Stevenson. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1992.
  Reference R 940.28 C726
• Dictionary of 20th Century European History. Edward Townley. Chicago, IL: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1999.
  Reference R 940.5 T746d
• Encyclopedia of Modern Europe: Europe 1789-1914. Ed. John Merriman and Jay Winter. 5 vols. Detroit, MI: Scribner's, 2006.
• Encyclopedia of Modern Europe: Europe since 1914. Ed. John Merriman and Jay Winter. 5 vols. Detroit, MI: Scribner's, 2006.
• Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment. Ed. Alan Charles Kors. 4 vols. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2002.
  Reference R 940.25 E56
• Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment. Ed. Michel Delon. Trans. Gwen Wells. 2 vols. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2001.
  Reference R 940.25 D554-T
• Europe 1450-1789: An Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Ed. Jonathan Dewald. 6 vols. New York: Scribner's, 2004.
  Reference R 940.2 E89
• Europe since 1945: An Encyclopedia. Ed. Bernard Cook. 2 vols. New York: Garland, 2001.
  Reference R 940.55 E892
• The European Population, 1850-1945. Franz Rothenbacher. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
  Reference R 304.6 R846e
• Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment. Harvey Chisick. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2005.
  Reference R 940.25 C542h
• International Historical Statistics: Europe, 1750-2000. B.R. Mitchell. 5th ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
  Reference R 314 M681e5
• The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History. Ed. Joel Mokyr. 5 vols. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2003.
  Reference R 330.3 O98
• Women in Western European History: A Select Chronological, Geographical, and Topical Bibliography. Ed. Linda Frey et al. 2 vols. New York: Greenwood, 1982- .
  Reference R 016.3 F8931w
  Supplement: Reference R 016.3 F8931w Supp.
• British History
  • Britain in the Hanoverian Age, 1714-1837: An Encyclopedia. Ed. Gerald Newman. New York: Garland, 1997.
    Reference R 942.07 B862
  • British Women's History: A Bibliographical Guide. Comp. June Hannam et al. New York: St. Martin's, 1996.
    Reference R 016.305 H243b
  • The Cambridge Historical Encyclopedia of Great Britain and Ireland. Ed. Christopher Haigh. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1985.
    Reference R 942 C1781
  • The Encyclopedia of Britain. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 1999.
    Reference R 942 E56
  • Encyclopedia of the Victorian Era. Ed. James Eli Adams. 4 vols. Danbury, CT: Grolier, 2004.
    Reference R 942.08 E56
  • Historical Dictionary of London. Kenneth J. Panton. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2001.
    Reference R 942.1 P198h
  • Historical Dictionary of Stuart England, 1603-1689. Ed. Ronald Fritze and William Robison. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1996.
    Reference R 942.06 H673
  • Twentieth-Century Britain: An Encyclopedia. Ed. Fred Leventhal. Rev. ed. New York: Peter Lang, 2002.
    Reference R 942.082 T971
  • Victorian Britain: An Encyclopedia. Ed. Sally Mitchell et al. New York: Garland, 1988.
    Reference R 942.08 V645
  • Victorian Culture and Society: The Essential Glossary. Adam Roberts. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2003.
    Reference R 942.081 R643v
• French History
  • Dictionnaire historique de la Re´volution franc¸aise. Jean-Reé Suratteau et al. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1989.
    Reference Stacks REF DC147 .D52 1989
  • Historical Dictionary of France from the 1815 Restoration to the Second Empire. Ed. Edgar Leon Newman. 2 vols. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1987.
    Reference R 944.06 H673
  • Historical Dictionary of Napoleonic France, 1799-1815. Ed. Owen Connelly. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1985.
    Reference R 944.04 H6731
  • Historical Dictionary of Paris. Alfred Fierro. Trans. Jon Woronoff. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 1998.
    Reference R 944.36 F465h-T
  • Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution, 1789-1799. Ed. Samuel F. Scott and Barry Rothaus. 2 vols. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1985.
    Reference R 944.04 H673
  • Historical Dictionary of the French Second Empire, 1852-1870. Ed. William E. Echard. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1985.
    Reference R 944.07 H673
  • Historical Dictionary of the French Fourth and Fifth Republics, 1946-1991. Ed. Wayne Northcutt. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1992.
    Reference R 944.082 H673
  • Historical Dictionary of the Third French Republic, 1870-1940. Ed. Patrick H. Hutton. 2 vols. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1986.
    Reference R 944.08 H673
  • Historical Dictionary of the Wars of the French Revolution. Steven T. Ross. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 1998.
    Reference R 944.04 R826h
• German History
  • Dictionary of German History, 1806-1945. Wilfried Fest. New York: St. Martin's, 1978.
    Reference R 943 F418d
  • Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. Ed. Christian Zentner and Friedemann Bedürftig. Trans. Amy Hackett. 2 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1991.
    Reference R 943.086 G878-T
  • A Historical Dictionary of Germany's Weimar Republic, 1918-1933. Ed. C. Paul Vincent. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1997.
    Reference R 943.085 V773h
  • Modern German: An Encyclopedia of History, People, and Culture, 1871-1990. Ed. Dieter K. Buse and Juergen C. Doerr. 2 vols. New York: Garland, 1998.
    Reference R 943.08 M689
• Italian History
  • Dictionary of Modern Italian History. Ed. Frank J. Coppa. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1985.
    Reference R 945 D554
  • Historical Dictionary of Modern Italy. Mark F. Gilbert and K. Robert Nilsson. 2nd ed. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2007.
    Reference R 945 G465h
• Spanish History
  • Historical Dictionary of Modern Spain, 1700-1988. Ed. Robert W. Kern. New York: Greenwood, 1990.
    Reference R 946.003 H673
  • Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. Ed. James W. Cortada. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982.
    Reference R 946.08 H673
  • Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Empire, 1402-1975. Ed. James S. Olson. New York: Greenwood, 1992.
    Reference R 914.6 H673

Primary Sources

General search tips:

• Use Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) to connect terms/concepts
• In most databases, the truncation symbol is a *
• Enclose phrases in double quotation marks " "

• Library Catalog
  To locate primary sources, do a keyword search and add one or more of the following words:
  • sources
  • correspondence
  • diaries
  • personal narratives
  • pictorial works
  For more details, see below.
• WorldCat
  To locate primary sources, do a keyword search and add one or more of the following words:
  • sources
  • correspondence
  • diaries
  • personal narratives
  • pictorial works
  Note: Rare and archival materials cannot be borrowed on interlibrary loan. You can sometimes locate microfilm or microfiche copies of these documents in WorldCat; try doing an advanced search, enter your keywords or subject terms, and then apply a "subtype limit," choosing "Microform" as the format.
  For more details, see below.

• Eighteenth Century Collections Online (ECCO) (1701-1800)
  Includes the full text of 155,000 150,000 books, pamphlets, almanacs, advertisements, songs, and other materials published in Great Britain and British North America during the eighteenth century; also includes digital facsimiles of each of the works.
• Google Books
  Be sure to limit your search to "Full view only" or "Public Domain only" in order to find books that you can view cover-to-cover and/or download.
  For more information about public domain, see our guide to works in the public domain.
• Hathi Trust
  A digital collection of works held by a number of major research libraries. Be sure to limit your search to "Full view only" to view works that you can view cover-to-cover.
  Note: as of February 2011, 26% of works in the Hathi Trust are in the public domain. For more information about public domain, see our guide to works in the public domain.
• Making of the Modern World: Goldsmiths'-Kress Library of Economic Literature 1450-1850
  (1450-1850) Contains digital facsimiles of more than 61,000 books and over 460 pre-1900 periodicals covering a wide variety of topics related to economics, including agriculture, banking, colonies, finance, politics, mercantilism, slavery, social conditions, trades and manufacturing, and transportation. Most works are British, but the collection does include French, German, Italian, Spanish, and other foreign-language materials. Drawn from the Goldsmiths' Library of Economic Literature at the University of London Library, the Kress Collection of Business and Economics at the Harvard Business School, the Seligman Collection in the Butler Library at Columbia University, and the Yale University Libraries.
• See also:
  • Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une Société de Gens de lettres. 17 vols. Paris, 1751-1765.
    Rare Book Room 034 E56
    The library also has the 11 volumes of plates published in 1762.
  • La Grande encyclopédie, inventaire raisonné des sciences, des lettres et des arts, par une société de savants et de gens de lettres.31 vols. Paris, [1886-1902].
    Permanent Reserve R 034 B53 [ask a librarian to retrieve this for you]

• And so to Bed: A Bibliography of Diaries Published in English. Patricia Pate Havlice. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow, 1987.
  REF CT25 .H380 1987
• British Diaries: An Annotated Bibliography of British Diaries Written Between 1442 and 1942. Comp. William Matthews. Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1967.
  REF Z5305 .G7 M3 1967
• British Manuscript Diaries of the Nineteenth Century: An Annotated Listing. John Stuart Batts. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1976.
  REF Z6611 .B6 B38 1976
• Notable Women in World History: A Guide to Recommended Biographies and Autobiographies. Lynda Adamson. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1998.
  Reference R 016.92 A221n
  Also includes citations to diaries and correspondence.

• AP Images
  (1826 to present [photographs]; 1920 to present [audio clips]; 1990 to present [charts and maps]; 1997 to present [text]) A collection of over 2 million photographs, 1 million audio clips, 48,000 diagrams, charts, maps, and timelines, and 2.8 million news briefs from the Associated Press (AP). Updated daily.
  Note: Only one person can search this database at any one time; if you are unable to login because this limit has been reached, please wait a few minutes and try again.
  Photographs and graphics from the Archive cannot be sold, syndicated, loaned or used for advertising or for trade without the written consent of AP. In addition, users cannot republish any of the photographs on a Web page.
• ARTstor
  A collection of over one million images covering art, architecture, and archaeology from a wide range of cultures and time periods as well as tools to manipulate and analyze those images.
• The Posters of Paris, 1880-1900: the Terry and Louis Silver Collection. Kurt Wagner and Lisa Pemstein. Boston, MA: Silver Collection, 1990.
  Little Library Stacks 741.6 W133p

• British Government Documents
  • Cabinet Papers, 1915-1978, from the National Archive (U.K.)
    Digital facsimiles of records of the British Cabinet, including memoranda, Cabinet Secretary's notebooks, and more.
  • Parliamentary Debates: The Official Report (Hansard)
    Recent volumes of Hansard are online (1988 to present [House of Commons]; 1995 to present [House of Lords]). A prototype digitized historical Hansard (1803-2005) is also available; this site is under development, so be sure to consult the print version too.
    Library has:
    • Series 1: vol. 1 (1803) - vol. 41 (Feb. 1820)
      Little Library Stacks 328.42 G78pa Ser. 1-3 Ser.1
      General Index: Little Library Stacks 328.42 G78pa Index 1803-1830
    • Series 2: vol. 1 (April 1820) - vol. 25 (July 1830)
      Little Library Stacks 328.42 G78pa Ser. 1-3 Ser.2
    • Series 3 : vol. 1 (Oct. 1830) - vol. 88 (Aug. 1846); vol. 161 (Feb. 1861)- vol. 332 (Dec. 1888)
      Little Library Stacks 328.42 G78pa Ser. 1-3 Ser. 3
    • Series 5
      • House of Commons: vol. 666 (Oct. 1962) - vol. 1000 (March 1981)
        Little Library Stacks 328.42 G78pa-c
      • House of Lords: Series 5: vol. 245 (Dec. 1962) - vol. 650 (July 2003) [missing vols. 247-257, 260-262, 264, 293-296, 407, 452, 526-527, 530, 564-571]
        Little Library Stacks 328.42 G78pa-L
    • Series 6
      • House of Commons: Series 6: vol. 1 (March 1981) - vol. 404 (May 2003) [missing vols. 180, 192-193, 232]
        Little Library Stacks 328.42 G78pa-c

• Popular Magazines & Journals
  • 19th Century Magazines & Journals
  • 20th Century Magazines & Journals
• Newspapers
  • Newspapers available at Davidson
    The library has many historical newspapers. Consult the following for information about titles in our collection:
    • 18th Century Newspapers
      • 17th & 18th Century Burney Collection Newspapers
        (c. 1603-1800) Contains digital facsimiles of approximately 1,270 seventeenth and eighteenth-century English newspapers from the British Library's Burney Collection; includes many London papers as well as some English provincial, Scottish, Irish, and colonial North American papers. The full text of these newspapers, including all articles, advertisements, and other contents, is keyword-searchable.
    • 19th Century Newspapers
    • 20th Century Newspapers
  • Newspapers held by other libraries: how to find them
• Other Periodicals
  To find articles in other types of periodicals, such as journals, search the following:
  • The Annual Register. London: Rivingtons, 1758- .
    Library has:
    • 1758-1858, 1860-1962
      Rare Book Room 909 A61
    • 1863 to present
      Reference R 909 A61
    An annual survey of historical, political, and cultural events of the past year.
  • Humanities & Social Sciences Index
    (1907 to present). For the period 1907-1984, this database indexes journal articles in both the humanities and social sciences; it also includes the International Index to Periodicals (1907-1965). From 1985 to the present, the focus is on the humanities.
  • PAIS International
    (1915 to present) Indexes journal articles, books, government documents, and conference papers in political science, public affairs, and economics.
  • Periodicals Index Online
    (c. 1665-1995) Indexes journal and magazine articles as well as book reviews in a broad array of humanities, social sciences, and science subjects.

• Traveler's Accounts
  To find accounts of travelers' visits to European countries, do subject searches in the Library Catalog and WorldCat; include the name of the country or region and the phrase "description and travel" (e.g. France description and travel).
  Other sources include the following:
  • American Diaries: An Annotated Bibliography of Published American Diaries and Journals. 2 vols. Laura Arksey et al. Detroit, MI: Gale, 1983-1987.
    Reference R 016.92 A721a
    Vol. 1: Diaries Written from 1492 to 1844
    Vol. 2: Diaries Written from 1845 to 1980
  • Some travel accounts can also be located in the following collections:
    • Archive of Americana
      (c. 1639-1980) A collection of digital facsimiles of American books, broadsides, pamphlets, newspapers, and government documents. Early American Imprints, Series I: Evans, 1639-1800 and Early American Imprints, Series II: Shaw-Shoemaker, 1801-1819 both contain published travel accounts.
    • Eighteenth Century Collections Online (ECCO) (1701-1800)
      A collection of digital facsimiles of British and British North American books; contains some travel accounts.
  • Travellers' Accounts as Source-Material for Irish Historians. C.J. Woods. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2009.
    Reference REF DA906 .W66 2009
• Guidebooks
  The Library has a small collection of late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century travel guides. To find them, search for the following in the Library Catalog:
  • Subject searches:
    • [country name] travel guides
  • Keyword searches:
    You can also try the following, but it is not as thorough a search.
    • Baedeker and [country name]
Be sure to search WorldCat for guidebooks too.

• ARTFL
  (1700 to approx. 1960) Provides the full text of nearly 2,000 French literary, philosophical, scientific and technical texts; most are from the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries, although there are some medieval, Renaissance, and seventeenth-century texts. Includes novels, verse, essays, correspondence, treatises, journalism, and theatrical texts.
• Clothing, Society, and Culture in Nineteenth-Century England. Ed. Clare Rose. 3 vols. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2011.
  Main Library Stacks HD9940 .G82 C56 2011
• EuroDocs: Online Sources for European History, created by Richard Hacken, Harld B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
  A directory of links to a variety of primary sources, including transcriptions, facsimiles, and translations.
• European Women: A Documentary History, 1789-1945. Ed. Eleanor S. Riemer and John C. Fout. New York: Schocken Books, 1980.
  Little Library Stacks 301.41 E89
• French Travellers in the United States, 1765-1932: A Bibliography. Frank Monaghan. New York: Antiquarian Press, 1961.
  REF Z1236 .M73 1961
• A Guide to the Printed Materials for English Social and Economic History, 1750-1850. Judith Blow Williams. 2 vols. New York: Octagon Books, 1966.
  Reference R 016.3 W724g
• Victorian Women: A Documentary Account of Women's Lives in Nineteenth-Century England, France, and the United States. Ed. Erna Olafson Hellerstein et al.. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press, 1981.
  305.4 V645
• Women in Revolutionary Paris, 1789-1795: Selected Documents. Trans. Darline Gay Levy et al. Urbana, IL: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1979.
  301.31 W872

Secondary Sources

General search tips:

• Use Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) to connect terms/concepts
• In most databases, the truncation symbol is a *
• Enclose phrases in double quotation marks " "

• Library Catalog
  Lists the books, government documents, and journals, magazines, and newspapers in our Library.
  • To locate works about a person, do a subject search for the person's name (last name first).
  • To locate bibliographies on a person or topic, do a keyword search and add the following: su bibliography.
  Tips:
  • Truncation symbol: $
  • Some relevant subject headings:
    • Advertising history
    • Advertising [name of country]
    • Fashion [name of country]
    • Household furnishing
    • Households history
    • Leisure
    • Merchants [name of country]
    • Recreation
    • Retail trade [name of country]
    • Stores, retail [name of country]
    • Travel
    • Voyages and travels
• ebrary
  A collection of over 50,000 e-books published by academic, trade, and professional publishers; covers all subject areas. Also includes tools that allow you to create your own virtual bookshelf, bookmark pages, and add and save notes and highlights.
  Note: for full functionality, you need the ebrary Reader. This plugin is on all library and ITS computers, but if you are using your own computer, you can download it from the ebrary home page.
• WorldCat
  Lists books, periodicals, and other materials held by libraries around the world. You can submit an interlibrary loan request to borrow books that aren't available at Davidson.
  • Identify relevant Library of Congress Subject Headings in the Library Catalog first; you can then do a subject search in WorldCat to find additional items with these subject headings.
• See also:
  • Google Books
    Be sure to limit your search to "Full view only" or "Public Domain only" in order to find books that you can view cover-to-cover and/or download.
    For more information about public domain, see our guide to works in the public domain.
  • Hathi Trust
    A digital collection of works held by a number of major research libraries. Be sure to limit your search to "Full view only" to view works that you can view cover-to-cover.
    Note: as of February 2011, 26% of works in the Hathi Trust are in the public domain. For more information about public domain, see our guide to works in the public domain.